Martian Meteorites Provide Clues to Earth's Atmospheric Evolution
March 2, 2000
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: Kim McDonald, University of California at San Diego
858-534-7572, kimmcdonald@ucsd.edu
LA JOLLA, CA--Detailed measurements of sulfur isotopes in five Martian meteorites have enabled researchers at the University of California, San Diego to determine that the abundant sulfur on the surface of Mars is due largely to chemical reactions in the Red Planet’s atmosphere that are similar to those that occur in Earth’s atmosphere.
Their conclusions, which are detailed in a paper in the March 2 issue of Nature, also suggest that the variations in sulfur isotopes found on ALH84001, the Martian meteorite thought by some scientists to contain evidence of ancient Martian life, are not due to biological processes.
Instead, the UCSD researchers say, the chemical processes that produced the variations in sulfur isotopes on many of the bits of rock that were blasted from the surface of Mars millions of years ago and eventually recovered on Earth appear to be purely inorganic-that is, non-biologic.
“On Earth, if you see a large variation in the sulfur isotope ratio, it generally, though not exclusively, means you've got a biogenic input,” said Mark H. Thiemens, professor of chemistry and biochemistry and dean of the Division of Natural Sciences at UCSD. “Organisms are very good at separating isotopes and choosing one over the other. So when you see big changes in isotope ratios, it often means biochemistry.”
On Earth, such changes are often produced by terrestrial bacteria that derive their energy solely from the conversion of sulfur compounds from one form to another. In so doing, they selectively break the chemical bonds of the lighter isotopes of sulfur, producing large variations in the normal sulfur-isotope ratio.
In their laboratory, Thiemens and UCSD researchers James Farquhar, Joel Savarino and Terri L. Jackson sought to find out whether some of this sulfur may have been produced by organisms. They also examined the sulfur in the Martian meteorites to find clues to the evolution of the Martian atmosphere, a major puzzle for planetary scientists.
“Sulfur and a number of other elements are involved in the chemical and physical cycling of elements between oceans, rocks, living organisms and the atmosphere,” said Farquhar, the principal author of the study. “We have shown that the sulfur-isotope ratios in Martian meteorites have a component that can only be explained by atmospheric chemical reactions. This provides new insights into the origin of sulfur species found at the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites, and into sulfur mobility within the Martian surface.”
“Mars is a nice case study, because it's relatively simple,” explained Thiemens. “There’s not that much atmosphere, it’s photochemical, it couples directly to the surface and it’s not complicated by biology or an ocean. Sulfur is a major element and it has a number of isotopes, so it's a very nice probe to understand an entire planetary system.”
The UCSD researchers’ measurements of sulfur isotopes in reduced and oxidized phases, which were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, are the first from a group of Martian meteorites, known as SNC meteorites. Only about a dozen of these rare meteorites have been recovered over the past two centuries. Farquhar and his colleagues examined samples of five meteorites in this group, including a 1.3 billion-old-year Martian rock that reputedly killed a dog when it fell to Earth in 1911 near Nakhla, Egypt and a 165-million-year-old chunk of the Red Planet that fell near Shergotty, India in 1865.
A sweeping effort under The UCSD scientists said the isotopic variations in those meteorites, combined with what is known about the Martian atmosphere from the Viking landers, are best accounted for by inorganic chemical reactions in the atmosphere, not biological processes.
“When you put them all together to account for the data, it fits,” said Thiemens. “Biology can’t accommodate what we see, but the photochemistry in the Martian atmosphere does.”
The UCSD researchers will also present their results later this month at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, scheduled for March 13-17 in Houston.